| Background |
The tumor necrosis factor receptor family, which includes TNF-RI, Fas, DR3, DR4, DR5, and DR6, plays an important role in the regulation of apoptosis in various physiological systems. The receptors are activated by a family of cytokines that include TNF, FasL, and TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL). They are characterized by a highly conserved extracellular region containing cysteine-rich repeats and a conserved intracellular region of about 80 amino acids termed the death domain (DD). The DD is important for transducing the death signal by recruiting other DD containing adaptor proteins (FADD, TRADD, RIP) to the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC), resulting in activation of caspases.DR5 is a receptor for TRAIL, which has been shown to induce apoptosis in a variety of cell types and has been targeted for cancer therapy. Structurally, DR5 contains an amino-terminal leader cleavage site, followed by an extracellular region containing two cysteine-rich repeats, a central transmembrane domain, and a carboxy-terminal DD. DR5 is expressed in a wide variety of tissues and is a transcriptional target of p53. It induces apoptosis through a FADD-dependent pathway. Deletion of DR5 leads to resistance in TRAIL-mediated apoptosis as well as an abrogated response to DNA-damaging stimuli. At least two isoforms of DR5 are produced by alternative splicing.
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